Media Environment Before and After 2021 Elections: Threats and Supportive Instruments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52340/f6ad0g18Abstract
The study was conducted as part of the project “S.A.F.E Media Environment: Existing Threats And Challenges of Covering Crisis in the Pre-Election Period”, with the support of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation’s South Caucasus Office and the Federal Republic of Germany's Federal Foreign Office. The aim of the project is to contribute to building a safe and supportive media environment and to implement effective mechanisms for reducing risks before and after elections.
References
Bishop, В. (2008). The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Carothers, Т., O’Donohue, A. Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization. Brookings Institution Press; 2019.
DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., Bryson, B., 1996. Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized? Am. J. Sociol. 102,690-755.
Dixit, A. K., Weibull,J. W. Political Polarization, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 May 1; 104(18): 7351-7356. Published online, 2007 Apr 23. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702071104, CID: PMC1863477
Edison Research Polls: Incumbent Tbilisi Mayor Kaladze, ex-PM Gakharia Equally Liked By Voters, Agenda.ge, 10 Sep 2021, Georgia, https://agenda.ge/en/news/2021/2602 (last seen on Oct. 7,2021).
Freedom House, Freedom in the World, Country report - Georgia, 2020, https:// freedomhouse.org/country/georgia/freedom-world/2020 (last seen on Sept. 26, 2021).
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, М., and Signorielli, N. (1980). The "Mainstreaming" of America: Violence Profile No. 11. Journal of Communication 30(3): 10-29.
Gersamia, М., Freedman E. Challenges to Creating Vibrant Media Education in Young Democracies: Accreditation for Media Schools in Georgia, Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, SAGE, 2017, Vol. 72(3) 322-333, AEJMC 2017, DOI: 10.1177/1077695817710104 http://journals.sagepub.com/home/jmc
Ertan, G., Qarkoglu, A., S., Aytag, E., Cognitive Political Networks: A Structural Approach To Measure Political Polarization in Multiparty Systems, Social Networks, Volume 68, 2022, Pages 118-126, ISSN 0378-8733, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j. socnet.2021.05.004 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873321000460)
Mubashar, H., Mushfique, W., Re-Conceptualizing Safety of Journalists in Bangladesh, Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183-2439) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 27-36 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v8i1.2494
Howells, R. (2001). Media, Education and Democracy. European Review, 9(2), 159-168
Intensified Attacks, New Defences - Developments in the Fight to Protect Journalists and End Impunity, In-Focus edition of the World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, United Nations, UNESCO. 2019, available from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/https://bit.ly/3912qlQ (last seen on Oct. 3,2021).
Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., 2009. Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. J. Commun. 59, 19-39.
Jasperson, A., Gollins, J., Walls, D., Polarizarion in the 2012 Presidental Debates, Political Communications in Real Time, 2017, Routledge, p. 196-225.
Journalist Safety and Self-censorship, edited by Anna Gr0ndahl Larsen, Ingrid Fadnes, et a I, Routledge, 2020, p. 1-7
Kis, D., Censorship/Self-censorship, Index On Censorship, 1/86, available at https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0306422860853402 l(last seen Oct 20, 2021)
Lauka, A., McCoy, J., Firat, R.B., 2018. Mass Partisan Polarization: Measuring a Relational Concept. American Behavioural Science. 62 (1), 107-126.
Levitsky, S., Ziblatt, D., How Democracies Die. Crown; 2018
Masur, P. K., Situational Privacy and Self-Disclosure, Communication Processes in Online Environments, Springer, Germany, 2019, ISBN 978-3-319-78883-8, ISBN 978-3-319-78884-5 (eBook), https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3- 319- 78884- 5
McQuail, D., Mass Communication Theory, 2010, SAGE.
Melki, М., Pickering, A., Ideological Polarization and the Media, Economics Letters, Volume 125, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 36-39, ISSN 0165-1765, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.08.008.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165176514002985)
Neal, Z. P., 2020. A Sign of the Times? Weak and Strong Polarization in the US Congress, 1973-2016. Soc. Netw. 60,103-112.
Orgeret, K. S., Tayeebwa, W., Editorial, Introduction: Rethinking Safety of Journalists, Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183-2439) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 1-4 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v8i1.2873, https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2873/2873 (last seen on Oct. 7,2021).
Reporters Without Borders, country report, 2021, https://rsf.org/en/georgia7n- l=ok (last seen on Sept. 26,2021).
Safe. Strong. Viable. The Symbiosis Between Media Safety and Media Viability, Deutsche Welle Akademie, Germany, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/ safe-strong-viable-the-symbiosis-between-media-viability-and-media-safety/a-57334604 (last seen on Oct. 3,2021).
Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity, United Nations, Director-General’s report, CI-20/COUNCIL.32/4 (7 October, 2020), p.13 available from UNES- DOC: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374700?poslnSet=2&queryld=59f40786-004d-4e02-b22a-3c5f3fef2291 (last seen on Oct. 3, 2021).
Safety of Journalists and the Danger of Impunity, UNESCO, Director-General Report, 2020, available from https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists/dgreport (last seen on Oct. 2,2021).
Safety of Journalists Covering Protests, Preserving Freedom of the Press During Times of Turmoil, Issue brief in the UNESCO series: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, 2020 available from https://unesdoc.unes- co.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374206 (last seen on Sept. 30,2021)
Slater, M. D., 2007. Reinforcing Spirals: The Mutual Influence of Media Selectivity and Media Effects and Their Impact on Individual Behaviour And Social Identity. Commun. Theory 17 (3), 281-303.
Towards a Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists, United Nations, UNESCO, 2015, available from https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/draft_re- search_agenda_safety_of_journalists_06_2015.pdf (last seen on Sept. 26, 2021).
United Nations, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, resolution 74/157, The Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, A/RES/74/157 (18 December 2019), available from https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/RES/74/157 (last seen on Oct. 5,2021).
Vibrant information barometer 2021, IREX, available at https://www.irex.org/ sites/default/files/Vibrant%20lnformation%20Barometer%20Full%20version.pdf (last seen Oct. 20)
Walulya, G., Nassanga, G. L, Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists, Media and Communication (ISSN: 2183-2439) 2020, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 1-4 DOI: 10.17645/mac.v8i1.2873.
Wilson, A., Parker V., Feinberg М., Polarization in the Contemporary Political and Media Landscape, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, Volume 34,2020, Pages 223-228, ISSN 2352-1546, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352154620301078 (last seen oct20, 2021)
Yesil, М. М., The Invisible Threat for the Future of Journalism: Self-Censorship and Conflicting Interests in an Increasingly Competitive Media Environment, International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5 No. 3; March 2014, available at https://ijbssnet.eom/journals/Vol_5_No_3_March_2014/9.pdf (last seen oct20, 2021)
Sources in Georgian language:
Gelashvili, Т., Georgian Media and Mediagenic Far Right, policy document No. 14, Georgian Institute of Politics, 2020
Kakachia, K., Pataraia, Т., The Role of Social Networks in Georgian Party Politics, Georgian Institute of Politics, 2013, pg 23.
Kechakmadze, I., Ishkhaneli, N., Georgia of July 5:5 Questions About July 5”, Ltd, Sonar Market Metrics, research, July, 2021.
Media - The Target of Violence and Total Illegal Bugging: Pre-Election Media Environment Assessment, Transparency International - Georgia, Sep 29, 2021, https://transparency.ge/ge/post/media-zaladobisa-da-totaluri-ukanono-mos- menebis-samizne-cinasaarchevno-mediagaremos-shepaseba (last seen, Oct 3, 2021)
A Pogrom of the Media: Tbilisi, July 5 and 6, 2021; Media Advocacy Coalition, https://osgf.ge/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/5_6_IVLISI_DOCU_GEO_19_09.pdf (last seen oct 15,2021)
Robakidze, N., Political Polarization and Media - What Threats Does Democratization in Georgia Face? Georgian Institute of Politics, 2019. Available at: www. gip.ge (last seen Oct 25, 2021)
Silagadze, G., Gozalishvili, N., Extreme Political Polarization, As an Existent Threat to the Democratization Process, 2019. Available at: https://bit.ly/3pM- bafg (last seen Oct 26,2021)
Kutidze, D., Aggressive, Propagandistic Rhetoric of the Georgian Government Towards Media - Tried and Tested Methods Of Journalist Authoritarian Smear Campaings, Gnomon Wise, 2021, pg.24; https://gnomonwise.ug.edu.ge/public/storage/publications/September2021/7ptzlwREEELlQGXV2Yfb.pdf (last seen, Oct 3,2021)
